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structure-of-cell-membrane-explained
Biology

Cell Membrane: Structure, Components and Functions

Imagine a border checkpoint controlling what enters and leaves a country. The cell membrane works similarly, regulating what moves in and out of the cell. This selective barrier maintains the cell’s balance, protecting it from harmful substances while allowing essential materials like oxygen and nutrients to pass through. It also removes waste efficiently, keeping the …

electrolyzers-systems-types
Chemistry

Electrolysis Explained: Reactions, Types, and Industrial Processes

Electrolysis is using electricity to break chemical compounds into their basic elements. For example, when electricity flows through water, it splits into hydrogen and oxygen gas. This same principle is used to refine metals like aluminum or produce everyday chemicals like chlorine. In this online chemistry textbook, you’ll systematically explore the science of electrolysis. You’ll …

phenol-electrophilic-substitution-reaction
Chemistry

Phenol and Phenolic Compounds: Structure and Properties

Imagine the sharp, clean scent of hospital disinfectants or the smooth, polished feel of a vintage Bakelite handle. Both trace their origins to phenol, a remarkable aromatic compound. With its hydroxyl group bonded directly to a benzene ring, phenol combines unique chemical properties with practical applications in everyday life, from antiseptics to early plastics. In …

dispersion-types-colloids-suspensions-front
Chemistry

Dispersion: Colloids, Dispersion System, Suspension and Emulsions

Picture yourself mixing chocolate powder into milk. Some particles dissolve, but others remain suspended, making the drink cloudy. This is dispersion—a process you encounter daily without realizing it. Fog, milk, and even muddy water all involve particles spread through a medium, creating fascinating behavior patterns. We’ll explore dispersion systems in detail. You’ll learn about suspensions, …

corrosion-testing-techniques
Chemistry

Corrosion: Chemical Reactions and Environmental Effects

A collapsing bridge or a rusted car frame shows how corrosion silently damages the structures we depend on every day. Corrosion is a natural process where metals react with their environment, leading to material deterioration. It’s all around us, weakening buildings, vehicles, and pipelines—often unnoticed until failure occurs. This online chemistry textbook explains corrosion in …