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chemical-kinetics-catalysts-activation-energy
Chemistry

Chemical Kinetics: What Are Reaction Rates, Catalysts, and Collision Theory

Chemical kinetics focuses on the speed, or rate, at which chemical reactions occur. Unlike thermodynamics, which explains whether a reaction can happen, chemical kinetics examines how fast it happens. By studying chemical kinetics, you can identify the factors that influence reaction rates and learn how to control these rates for applications in industries, biology, and …

bacteriophage-virus-lytic-lysogenic-cycles
Biology

Bacteriophage Life Cycles: Understanding Lytic and Lysogenic Phases

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Unlike other viruses, they are specialized to recognize and enter bacterial cells. Once inside, they use the bacteria’s machinery to replicate. Bacteriophages have two life cycles: the lytic cycle, where they reproduce and cause the bacteria to burst, and the lysogenic cycle, where they integrate their …

mRNA-transcription-process
Biology

RNA Structure, Function, and Types in Biological Processes

RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is essential for life. It carries genetic information, helps make proteins, and regulates genes. RNA comprises nucleotides, including ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil). Unlike DNA, RNA is usually single-stranded and can fold into different shapes. This flexibility allows RNA to perform various functions in the …

eukaryotic-cell-organelles
Biology

Eukaryotes and Eukaryotic Cell: Key Differences from Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes are organisms with cells with a nucleus and organelles enclosed within membranes. This group includes animals, plants, fungi, and many single-celled organisms. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and larger than prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus. Prokaryotes, like bacteria, are simpler and usually smaller. Eukaryotes are vital because their complex cell structure allows for …